Comparative Epistemology: East Meets West

Comparative epistemology studies how different cultures define, justify, and use knowledge—contrasting Western analysis (justified true belief, skepticism) with Eastern approaches (pramāṇa, Dao/heart-mind, virtue and practice). This guide maps core issues—knowledge, belief, justification, skepticism—across Plato, Descartes, Kant, Nyāya, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and more, with clear takeaways for learners, educators, and curious readers in Hastings, Minnesota and beyond.