Comparative epistemology studies how different cultures define, justify, and use knowledge—contrasting Western analysis (justified true belief, skepticism) with Eastern approaches (pramāṇa, Dao/heart-mind, virtue and practice). This guide maps core issues—knowledge, belief, justification, skepticism—across Plato, Descartes, Kant, Nyāya, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and more, with clear takeaways for learners, educators, and curious readers in Hastings, Minnesota and beyond.

From Plato’s ideals to Duchamp’s urinal and today’s AI image generators, every new medium has redrawn art’s borders. This sweeping feature unpacks 2,500 years of creative upheaval—revealing why intention, interpretation, and impact matter more than the tool itself, and why the canvas of human expression keeps expanding.