Comparative epistemology studies how different cultures define, justify, and use knowledge—contrasting Western analysis (justified true belief, skepticism) with Eastern approaches (pramāṇa, Dao/heart-mind, virtue and practice). This guide maps core issues—knowledge, belief, justification, skepticism—across Plato, Descartes, Kant, Nyāya, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, and more, with clear takeaways for learners, educators, and curious readers in Hastings, Minnesota and beyond.

What is provenance? It’s the origin and chain of custody behind objects, ideas, and data. This guide traces its roots (Latin provenire), shows how provenance builds trust in art, archives, supply chains, law, blockchain, and AI, and explains why clear lineage boosts authenticity, accountability, and value.